Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Words Expose the Soul :: Writing Education Language Essays

Words Expose the Soul At the point when I was a first year recruit at Bemidji State I lived in the residences. My flat mates name was Chad. He had a sweetheart who go to Moorhead State. Her name was Jodi. I didn't get an opportunity to meet Jodi until late in the year, around February. However, up until that time, I had been able to know her well indeed. The thing was that since they lived so far separated they didn't call each other until late around evening time. More often than not, when she called, Chad wasn't there. It was entirely unexpected, Jodi's flat mate was a young lady that I graduated with. This prompted numerous discussions, numerous that over a thirty minutes. I had seen photos of her so I recognized what she resembled, yet I was beginning to get an image of what she resembled as an individual. I did this through perception of her manner of speaking in certain circumstance, word use, and generally demeanor. By demeanor I mean was she cheerful, dismal, or befuddled when all is said in done. The entirety of this gave me a quite smart thought with respect to what sort of individual she was. One day in February I had the chance to discover precisely what she like. She stayed with Chad, and remain the night. This allowed us to talk eye to eye. It was entertaining, in light of the fact that she was actually similar to I figured she would be. I could hardly imagine how I had gotten the entirety of this data about her equitable by tuning in to the way that she talked. Some may state that a circumstance like this and one in where you read something are entirely unexpected, yet I accept that they are fundamentally the same as. Perusing a bit of composing by an individual that you don't actually know is equivalent to having a discussion with an individual via phone that you have never met. In the two cases you attempt to become acquainted with the individual better by the words that they use. The methods for correspondence has no effect. One of the principle distinction between the perusing and tuning in, however, is that when you tune in to an individual you can recognize affectations and tones that an individual uses while talking. At the point when you read you need to depend on the writer to furnish you with the voice of the characters or perhaps himself.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Case Study Nursing Growth and Developmental Theories

Question: Talk about the Case Study Nursingfor Growth and Developmental Theories. Answer: Different development and formative speculations can concentrate on the human turn of events. The formative speculations primarily center around the development of the human all through the life expectancy. It needs to make reference to that in the consideration procedure, the patient ought to be remembered for the treatment strategy. As Anne is an offspring of 10 years of age, she has to think about the clinical treatment. As she is a youngster, she may not comprehend the clinical terms. The specialists need to utilize basic language to show Anne her clinical issue. Notwithstanding, this can make dread in Anne. Accordingly, the advancement of her wellbeing status may break down. In this manner, relatives and the specialist should be cautious before sharing the worry. Snow et al. (2016) referenced that it is important to include a kid in the dynamic as this can assist them with developing the new abilities and can make association with network. In addition, the kids can communicate t heir issues in preferable manner over others can. This will assist the specialist with taking any choice in regards to treatment. In any case, it is important to include the youngsters from the earliest starting point of the conversation that will assist her with gaining information. This information can help the kid being developed of the psychological force. Be that as it may, before including the kid in the dynamic, an appropriate arrangement ought to be made. The conversation strategy ought to be intriguing that will rouse the kid to be included (Montravers et al., 2016). The inspiration can assist Anne with overcoming her issues and recover soon. As Anne is experiencing the privilege iliac fossa torment and specialist suspected about the an infected appendix, she has the option to think about the ailment. She should think about the pathophysiology of the gangrenous punctured addendum with the peritonitis. The contribution of Anne can impact the mindful medical attendants to giv e the correct mindful. The development and formative expected achievements have the effect on the mindful framework. The medical caretaker needs to evaluate the issues of Anne and make a standard development diagram. This will assist the medical caretaker with monitoring the development and advancement of Anne. In any case, the youngster ought not be compelled to accomplish the achievements than the time (Daskalakis, Juhlin Phlman, 2014). As Anne is as of now 10 years of age, she will be teenagers in two years. In this manner, she may require uncommon consideration in such condition. The patient must be energized for the age suitable self-care. The usage of the development and improvement, it tends to be proposed that for the advancement of the patient, noteworthy intercessions are vital. In the advancement of the patient, nurture assumes the huge job as she is apportioned for 24 hours in the minding of the patient (Kirby et al., 2015). For the situation, Anne has some contamination and potential inconveni ences, for which she needed to remain in the clinic for progressively 10 days. The medical caretaker dealt with her and gave IV anti-microbials for the torment the board. She was conceded due the privilege iliac fossa torment. Be that as it may, the specialist suspected about the an infected appendix and proposed for the appendectomy. In such condition, Anne needs a lot of care to recover soon. The issues of Anne can increment with the time and age. In this manner, the medical attendant should be cautious during giving the consideration. After the medical procedure, the patient needs to remain in the emergency clinic in any event for 4 days if any basic condition emerges (Hansson et al., 2014). In any case, Anne needed to remain for 10 days because of complex circumstance. In such condition, the contamination should be forestalled from the outset and the patient need escalated care. References Daskalakis, K., Juhlin, C., Phlman, L. (2014). The utilization of pre-or postoperative anti-microbials in medical procedure for an infected appendix: a methodical review.Scandinavian Journal of Surgery,103(1), 14-20. Hansson, J., Khorram-Manesh, An., Alwindawe, A., Lundholm, K. (2014). A model to choose patients who may profit by anti-toxin treatment as the main line treatment of intense a ruptured appendix at high probability.Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery,18(5), 961-967. Kirby, A., Hobson, R. P., Burke, D., Cleveland, V., Ford, G., West, R. M. (2015). Appendicectomy for suspected simple a ruptured appendix is related with less inconveniences than moderate anti-infection the executives: a meta-investigation of post-mediation complications.Journal of Infection,70(2), 105-110. Montravers, P., Blot, S., Dimopoulos, G., Eckmann, C., Eggimann, P., Guirao, X., ... De Waele, J. (2016). Helpful administration of peritonitis: a thorough guide for intensivists.Intensive consideration medicine,42(8), 1234-1247. Day off. F., Vannahme, M., Kettley, L., Pullyblank, A. (2016). Burst hepatic conduit aneurysm hastened by gangrenous punctured a ruptured appendix: a case report.Journal of careful case reports,2016(5).

Thursday, August 20, 2020

Online Education - yes or no

Online Education - yes or no Online Education Do You Have What It Takes? Home›Education Posts›Online Education Do You Have What It Takes? Education PostsOnline education is a highly debated topic. Studying online offers vast versatility in the choice of interests and general subjects of study. It offers a liberal schedule, an enormous pool of resources for research and study, valuable support from online communities and endless up-do-date info on any subject. The Internet is full of dictionaries, encyclopedias, libraries, discussion forums and complete courses, which are at one’s finger tips. The only thing you need in order to use it is a computer and access to the Internet. With today’s advanced and affordable technology that will not be hard. However, the single most important thing an online student must know is the following: without dedication and desire to learn and teach oneself studying online is close to useless. Many students think that they will be able to just forget about formal educatio n due to easy access to the Internet. Yet, it takes a lot of will power and commitment to excellence to be able to teach oneself. The liberty online education offers is often misused. Without someone to manage time and oversee a students’ progress, they tend to slack, to waste time, or to get distracted by other things they come by when studying. If students do not set goals for themselves, keep track of their progress and constantly assess their knowledge, they will soon lose the momentum, and the time they spend will be wasted in vain. However, if you feel some details of your education need special attention, and you wish you can get help in upping your grades, you can approach such reputable online writing service provider as qualitycustomessays.com. Online education is not for everyone. It is rather difficult, and takes a lot of effort to utilize and manage time with utmost efficiency. If you think you have what it takes â€" the desire and commitment to excellence and a stron g will â€" it just might be for you. Many websites, offer complete online learning packages, complete with study groups, teachers, assignments and regular assessment, media content and much more. Do you have what it takes?

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Drug Absorbed Administration - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3180 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Introduction The oral route is still the most desired route for the administration of medicinal products1 due to the ease and lack of inconvenience associated with this administration route, in comparison to others such as the pulmonary route or the more invasive intravenous route. The pharmaceutical industry has developed considerably over the past 40 years with respect to the rate at which new chemical entities are being discovered. This increased rate is primarily due to the invention of high throughput screening, but there is no correlation between the rate of synthesis of these novel compounds and the release of new drugs on the market due to the high failure rate during the development process1. In order to minimise cost and resources associated with this loss, effective screening methods for both pharmacological action and bioavailability have to be used. The most important process that influences bioavailability of the drug is absorption and the necessity of creating and us ing suitable models that can predict the in vivo absorption profile of a drug is absolutely critical in achieving the desired reduction in cost associated with the pharmaceutical development process. There are two primary phases of absorption for orally administered drugs; the first is dissolution of the drug in the aqueous media present at the site or sites of absorption1 the second is permeation of the drug particles in solution through predominantly the small intestinal membrane into the hepatic portal vein1. The main factors affecting dissolution of a drug in the gastrointestinal (GI) system are the pH of the environment, volume of dissolution media and the presence of food by either encouraging or delaying the passage of the dosage form into the small intestine where many drugs are absorbed. Permutation of the drug through the small intestinal membrane is influenced by several variables. The presence of influx and efflux pumps on the apical surface is a main cons ideration2. There are three main routes of absorption that drugs can take; transcellular absorption through the cells, paracellular absorption by passing thorough the tight junctions between cells or by using influx transporters present on the apical surface3. Efflux transporters are also present which act to eject the drug molecule out of the cell and limit bioavailability1. All of these processes and scenarios need to be considered in developing an in vitro model to accurately predict gastrointestinal drug absorption. The extent to which a particular model represents the results seen in vivo can be conveyed through a mathematical relationship known as the in vitro- in vivo correlation (IVIVC)2,4. The predictive power of this correlation ultimately depends upon the capacity of the in vitro method used to simulate and reflect what occurred in vivo. The fact that different models are able to do this to different degrees has been appreciated as different levels of IVIVC have been defined; levels A, B, C, multiple C and D with A being the highest level5. There are many factors to consider and appreciate when looking at IVIVC made from drugs absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, as models are either based on the dissolution of the drug within the GI media at the absorption site or permeability of the drug across the intestinal membrane. This review primarily considers models used to simulate and predict drug permeability, with a discussion of the ability of each technique to reflect and predict the in vivo environment and response; which would allow a representative IVIVC to be formed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Drug Absorbed Administration" essay for you Create order In silico permeability models These models are computer programs that aim to predict the absorption and permeability of a drug. One review6 gave a very good summary of the programming process and highlighted the specifications against which the physicochemical properties of drugs are judged. An advantage of using such a model is that a high turnover of compounds can be tested within a short period of time6, a property that makes it very practical in industry. But in terms of developing an IVIVC, this model has limited use7. One major argument against the use of this model highlighted by another review 1 is that absorption predictions are based only on the physicochemical properties of the drug. This assumption is false as there are other factors to consider such as drug à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" membrane interactions through active transporters and efflux pumps1 Parallel Artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) This technique is based on the formation of an artificial membrane by using a hydrophobic filter material as support upon which lecithin and organic solvents are placed upon to produce an artificial lipid1. One recent review8 greatly criticised the use of this technique in the drug discovery process. It was stated that there was no real benefit in using this technique over the cell culture methods such as caco-2 and MKCD cell lines because it was just as time consuming with less informative data being obtained8. One of the main advantages of using this technique was that it was less labour intensive and quicker to do9, but this was a main focus of the argument against use of the technique by this review. Due to the different manipulations such as testing in various pH that need to be carried out, the process was deemed just as labour intensive as the caco-2 or Ussing chamber method. An attempt to debate against the points raised by this review was done by another9 whi ch highlighted the ability to use this technique to obtain various information such as the partition coefficient and apparent permeability (Papp) of a drug. Nevertheless, both reviews failed to specifically highlight the strengths or weaknesses of the technique in creating IVIVC. It appeared that the capacity of this technique to do so is limited as there is a gross underestimation of active transport of hydrophilic compounds with low molecular weights 1. Ussing Chambers This cell technique involves the isolation of intestinal membrane and cutting the tissue into strips. These strips are clamped onto a suitable clamping device to produce a flat sheet between two chambers, the donor and receiver chamber1. The measurement is taken as the amount of drug that appears in the receiver chamber1. To monitor the viability of the intestinal tissue, electrical resistance is measured by placing a current across the membrane1. Only few studies have used this technique to reflect its capability but this has only been used to show a level D IVIVC, where drug candidates during the development process are placed in rank order. One such study10 presented this technique as being equally capable of ranking drug candidates when compared to caco-2 cells and the in situ technique of a perfused jejunum loop. One article11 opposes the use of this technique and presents the counter argument to the method being used to create such a correlation. The paper identif ied the ability of this model to be biologically representative but clearly stated that the technique is not robust enough to incorporate as a method which is routinely used in early development, due to the complexity associated with setting up the instrument. This is a good observation and highlights an impracticality of the method. Caco-2 cell lines and separated clones The method that has been supported in recent studies is the Caco-2-cell culture model that has been shown to effectively mimic intestinal absorption. These cells are human colon adenocarcinoma cells that undergo proliferation when in culture1 which are grown on small porous membranes that fit in the wells of welled plates. The sample of the drug being tested is placed on top of the membrane with the amount of drug that passes through being calculated and the Papp is determined. Arguments in favour of this method state that the ability of this model to reflect in vivo conditions is very good as not only can transcellular and paracellular diffusion occur, both influx and efflux transporters are present, allowing active transport processes to be considered1,12. Such transport systems are those for sugars, bile acids, the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein11 and the more recently discovered multiple drug resistance protein (MDRP)11. This view is supported by many whom consid er this model to be very representative of the prediction of intestinal absorption. A study by Yee13 analysed 36 drugs and observed the correlation between the apparent absorption (Papp) obtained from the cells and the percentage absorbed determined from in vivo testing. A correlation coefficient of 0.90 between percentage absorbed in vitro and in vivo was obtained, showing that the technique is capable of reliably predicting in vivo results13. Another study14 confirmed the predictive ability of this model using 20 compounds and also established a correlation coefficient of 0.92 between Papp and the percentage of dose absorbed To further support the use of caco-2 cells, some studies10,11 have highlighted the ability of this method to be used in early stages of development in order to produce level D IVIVC where drug candidates are placed in rank order. But despite all these positive aspects some13,15-16 remain critical of this technique because of an associated low lev el of reproducibility with gross variability in results from different labs15. This has been attribute to differing culture conditions within each lab13,16. For example one study highlighted the importance of culture nutrients and duration of cell feeding as more L-methyldopa was absorbed as the feeding time increased13. Another important limitation of the model that has been recognised is that as the number of cells within a cell line increases, the Trans epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), mannitol flux and cell growth changes1. The TEER is a validation tool used to quantitatively reflect the integrity of the monolayer as the viability of this cell culture diminishes17. The cell line is unable to express mucus17 which has been shown to act as a barrier to drug permutation in retarding drug contact with the apical membrane of the small intestine and a fixed pH is used in the model17. This is not reflective of in vivo as the mucus layer has been shown to retard per mutation and the pH of the small intestine changes. A strong counter argument against the use of caco-2 cells is that the predictive power of the method differs depending upon the main absorption route that the drug uses. Two studies14,15 have indicated variability in the Papp for mannitol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and fluorescein that have low paracellular permeability in various batches of caco-2 cells from different origins. Another study17 clearly showed that caco-2 cells underestimated the absorption of amoxicillin à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a passively absorbed drug and was not able to truly model the absorption of drugs that are absorbed using a carrier-mediated process due to the saturation or under-expression of these influx carriers and the over-expression of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein. This limitation of the caco-2 cell line is where the calu-2 cell line proves to be superior. This is a sub-clone of the caco-2 cell line that is isolated at a late pass age number and has been shown to express different levels of sucrase isomaltase and glucose transporters17. Arguments in favour of this model claim that it is more representative of the in vivo situation17 as it expresses levels of sucrase isomaltase similar to that seen in the human jejunum17. UDP-transglucoronyltransferase, an enzyme involved in conjugation metabolic reaction is also seen at a level that is more representative of that in vivo and also an IVIVC has been formed using the in-vitro data obtained from this model17. Another sub-clone of the caco-2 cell line is the HT29-18-C1. A study18 used this cell line and the information obtained was used to calculate a permeability coefficient (PC) for a particular compound. A relationship between the percentage absorbed and the PC was formed much in the same manner as that created using Papp and was shown to be a good model to use in the early development process. Although this method possesses a significant flaw whic h is that the tight junctions established in this cell line were not as tight as those seen in vivo 18, therefore allowing passive diffusion to occur to a greater extent than would normally occur. This was shown in the same study18 where the Pc of mannitol was ten times less than that seen in caco-2 cells, which is not reflective of in vivo conditions. Madlin Derby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells The progressive changes in TEER seen in caco-2 cells have led to the use of Madlin Derby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells as a model to predict intestinal absorption14. These are differentiated epithelial cells that form tight junctions when cultured in semi-permeable membranes14 that also possess transporters, but not as many as seen in the caco-2 cell line14. One study19 highlighted both opposing arguments and those in favour of the technique by comparing the ability of the model with not only in vivo data but also with the caco-2 cell line. The predictive power of the model was similar to that of the caco-2 cells for passively absorbed compounds that showed good permeability19. For those that were poorly permeable or were actively transported, the model was unable to accurately present the degree of absorption; for the latter this is due to the minimal transporters expressed by the MDCK cells19, resulting in a poor IVIVC 2/4/A1 cell line This cell line which originated from fetal rat intestine was reported to mimic the permeability of the small intestine to drugs absorbed via the paracellular route to a greater extent than the caco-2 cell line1. One paper20 clearly advocates the use of this cell line because of this point as the tight junctions seen are more representative with the extent of passive absorption being similar to that in vivo. In this study this cell line was transformed in order to improve viability and a sigmoid relationship between fraction of drug absorbed in vivo and permeability coefficient obtained in vitro was obtained. The predominant argument against the use of this model also presented by the same study20, was that the shape properties of the cell line were not similar to that of the small intestine. The cells are cuboidal as oppose to columnar and there was a lower number of villi present on the apical surface. This limits the models capability of reflecting transcellular or car rier mediated absorption, which are major routes for many drugs which negatively impacts the IVIVC created. Conclusion and the Future In examining the arguments for and against the different cell culture techniques, the caco-2 cell line appears to be the most reflective of in vivo absorption. This is because the cell line can express transporters, allow all routes of absorption, has an associated low operating cost, high reliability and throughput capacity. All these advantages make it a very practical and useful model to routinely use in industry. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement as the in vivo environment is not completely shown with this cell line. One significant aspect omitted is the dissolution of the drug and the impact that this process has on amount of the dose of drug available for permutation. Therefore the next step in producing a completely reflective model that can be used to form a good IVIVC is the combination of methods to take into account the many aspects influencing bioavailability1 with an ultimate goal of creating an in vitro gastrointestinal system model. Incorp oration of a modified caco-2 cell line that has been co-cultured with other cells such as MDCK cells with an artificial digestive system model such as the TIM-1 model is an example of such steps that can be investigated into attaining the ultimate goal. Within the TIM-1 model there is still room for improvement but it does provide a foundation to build and develop upon. The incorporation of the newly created PBL dynamic gastric model to replace the gastric compartment of the TIM-1 would be a combination that would shed more insight into actual food effects on drug absorption and permutation. Developments similar to this would eventually lead to the creation of a very reliable and reflective in vitro model. Bibliography (1) Balimane PV, Chong S, Morrison RA. Current methodologies used for evaluation of intestinal permeability and absorption. J.Pharmacol.Toxicol.Methods 2000;44(1):301-312. (2) Emami J. In vitro In vivo relationships: Concepts, regulatory perspectives, advances and attempts. J.Pharm.Pharm.Sci. 2006 27 Feb;9(1):82-100. (3) Hu M, Borchardt RT. Mechanism of L-alpha-methyldopa transport through a monolayer of polarized human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Pharm.Res. 1990;7(12):1313-1319. (4) Emami J. In vitro-in vivo correlation: From theory to applications. J.Pharm.Pharm.Sci. 2006 16 Jun;9(2):31-51. (5) Yu LX, Amidon GL, Polli JE, Zhao H, Mehta MU, Conner DP, et al. Biopharmaceutics classification system: The scientific basis for biowaiver extensions. Pharm.Res. 2002;19(7):921-925. (6) Bergstrom CAS. In silico predictions of drug solubility and permeability: Two rate-limiting barriers to oral drug absorption. Basic Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol. 2005 Mar;96(3):156-1 61. (7) Barr WH, Riegelman S. Intestinal drug absorption and metabolism. I. Comparison of methods and models to study physiological factors of in vitro and in vivo intestinal absorption. J.Pharm.Sci. 1970;59(Feb):154-163. (8) Galinis-Luciani D, Nguyen L, Yazdanian M. Is PAMPA a useful tool for discovery?. J.Pharm.Sci. 2007 Nov;96(11):2886-2892. (9) Avdeef A, Bendels S, Di L, Faller B, Kansy M, Sugano K, et al. PAMPA Critical factors for better predictions of absorption. J.Pharm.Sci. 2007 Nov;96(11):2893-2909. (10) Boisset M, Botham RP, Haegele KD, Lenfant B, Pachot JI. Absorption of angiotensin II antagonists in Ussing chambers, Caco-2, perfused jejunum loop and in vivo:: Importance of drug ionisation in the in vitro prediction of in vivo absorption. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2000 5;10(3):215-224. (11) Fearn RA, Hirst BH. Predicting oral drug absorption and hepatobiliary clearance: Human intestinal and hepatic in vitro cell models. Environ.Tox icol.Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;21(2 SPEC. ISS):168-178. (12) Stewart BH, Chan OH, Lu RH, Reyner EL, Schmid HL, Hamilton HW, et al. Comparison of Intestinal Permeabilities Determined in Multiple in Vitro and in Situ Models: Relationship to Absorption in Humans. Pharm.Res. 1995 May;12(5):693-699. (13) Yee S. In vitro permeability across Caco-2 cells (colonic) can predict in vivo (small intestinal) absorption in man Fact or myth. Pharm.Res. 1997;14(6):763-766. (14) Volpe DA. Variability in Caco-2 and MDCK cell-based intestinal permeability assays. J.Pharm.Sci. 2008 Feb;97(2):712-725. (15) Walter E, Kissel T. Heterogeneity in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 leads to differences in transepithelial transport. Eur.J.Pharm.Sci. 1995;3(4):215-230. (16) Tsuji A, Takanaga H, Tamai I, Terasaki T. Transcellular transport of benzoic acid across Caco-2 cells by a pH-dependent and carrier-mediated transport mechanism. Pharm.Res. 1994;11(1):30-37. (17) Gres M, Julian B, Bourri e M, Meunier V, Roques C, Berger M, et al. Correlation Between Oral Drug Absorption in Humans, and Apparent Drug Permeability in TC-7 Cells, A Human Epithelial Intestinal Cell Line: Comparison with the Parental Caco-2 Cell Line. Pharm.Res. 1998 May;15(5):726-733. (18) Wils P, Warnery A, Phung-Ba V, Scherman D. Differentiated intestinal epithelial cell lines as in vitro models for predicting the intestinal absorption of drugs. Cell Biol.Toxicol. 1994 Dec;10(5-6):393-397. (19) Irvine JD, Takahashi L, Lockhart K, Cheong J, Tolan JW, Selick HE, et al. MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells: A tool for membrane permeability screening. J.Pharm.Sci. 1999 Jan;88(1):28-33. (20) Tavelin S, Milovic V, Ocklind G, Olsson S, Artursson P. A conditionally immortalized epithelial cell line for studies of intestinal drug transport. J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1999 Sep;290(3):1212-1221.

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Women s Creative Power Within The Bible As Being...

Fig. 38. Diana transpires in the Bible as being worshipped by â€Å"All of Asia and the world.† This statue of the goddess Diana/Artemis occurs being adorned with numerous breasts and on the surface of the middle to lower part of this statue there occurs carvings of goats. F or the ancients, sex existed as a religion that became fueled by lust, occurring everywhere, and at anytime. Though Satan’s numerous advocates, the goddesses helped elevate destruction to damage God’s sacred sexual gift persistently. Ultimately, this sexual disgrace thrived nonstop; just as it flourishes today, existing just as much of a religion of lust, as in ancient times. The Manipulation of Sexual Power As mentioned in Part II, the goddesses laid claim to sexual pleasure from the earliest recorded time, successfully exploiting sex to rule societies. Appallingly, ancient women had a terrible set-up from the start concerning their sexual beings, for it appears from the earliest of time women’s creative power existed as being controlled and manipulated as a power belonging to others – outside of her – whether the control evolved from the priests or the regional god or goddess. Specifically, instead of women being praised for the ability to create life, in its place evolved praises for the phallus - the penis occurred glorified and worshipped in the majority of societies. It prevailed with such power; a new king would eat the appendage of his predecessor to absorb his sacred authority.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Structural Frame for Merck Co., Inc. Free Essays

In 1994, Merck Co., Inc. hired Ray Gilmore as CEO to help survive the turmoil of the pharmaceutical industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Structural Frame for Merck Co., Inc. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gilmore followed a structural frame capitalize on the strong technical tradition of Merck Co., Inc. who attained a powerful scientific engine. While Vagelos acted as CEO, Merck maintained a strong structure frame through the domination of the company’s senior Research and Development (RD) scientists with strong support from company CEO. When Gilmartin became Merck’s CEO, he replaced the two executive vice president positions with a larger Management Committee (MC). MC was directed to improve the company’s business processes to build cross-functional skills rather than restructure company organization. Gilmartin expressed his structural frame through the redefinition of employees’ roles and relations to rid the company of its functional and divisional barriers. Gilmartin’s structural face could also be seen in his creation of Worldwide Business Strategy Teams (WBSTs) to expand individual managers’ thinking, planning and actions beyond existing functional areas. The teams were composed of members from all different functional divisions of the company. Gilmartin’s structural frame activities improved Merck’s planning and resource allocation through cross-functional business processes. The Human Resource Frame for Merck Co., Inc.: The human resource frame is evident in Merck tradition of high ethical standards since many of the company employees had a higher purpose to save lives. The company CEO proclaimed â€Å"We try never to forget that medicine is for the people. It is not the profits. The profits follow, and if we have remembered that, they never failed to appear.†[1] The company also maintained a cultural image in parallel with its academic image. Company scientists and clinicians were addressed as â€Å"Doctor.† Gilmartin created his symbolic frame by interviewing employees across the company about their views on major issues facing Merck. He cleared the confusion and ambiguity concerning the lack of strategic thinking and clear vision.   He further enhanced employee communication by the initiation of a comprehensive internal review of the issues facing the company by interviewing 800 employees across Merck’s functional areas. Gilmartin activities of human resource created a very positive view of Merck’s strategy among company employees. One manager said â€Å"We have a clear direction now.† Employees made much progress on management and leadership development. Stakeholders of Vioxx: A number of stakeholders were involved in the Vioxx medicine recalling incident of Merck Co., Inc. in 2004. Internal stakeholders were Merck Co., Inc. Company employees and Merck Co., Inc. company shareholders. External stakeholders were the patients who took the medicine, and the United States Health Department. Negative Impact of the recall of the Vioxx drug to Stockholders: The Merck Co., Inc. stock was considered dead money in 2004 in expectation to the number of lawsuits filed against the company over safety concerns of the drug. If Merck Co., Inc. loses the cases, it faces a potentially huge cost from the reimbursements to patients as well as payments for ongoing medical monitoring of people who took Vioxx. The recalling of Vioxx caused an annual decrease income of $2.5 billion. Following the of the announcement of the recall, investors dumped Merck Co., Inc. shares causing a 30% decrease to reach the lowest closing price in more than eight years. The recall would cut the $1.52 annual dividend and shave at least 50 cents a share, or 16%, off the $3.14 share analysts expected the company to earn in 2004. Recommendation to Mitigate the Recall of Vioxx: Merck Co., Inc. should seek the production and marketing of innovative products to increase its sales in response to the decrease caused by the recall of Vioxx. In an attempt to improve its public image and ethical stance, Merck Co., Inc. should relieve some of its senior management who might have been responsible for production of Vioxx. The within punishment of its own top management would convince the public of the commitment to higher ethical standards. [1] George W. Merck, the son of the company’s U.S. founder quoted in â€Å"Merck Sharp Dohame, A brief history,† Merck Co., Inc,. 1992, p. 18. How to cite The Structural Frame for Merck Co., Inc., Essay examples

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Vertical Integration for American Economic Review- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theVertical Integration for American Economic Review. Answer: Introduction: Vertical integration is a strategically implied process, which is usually adopted by a business organizations or companies for expanding their operations. This usually implies that the company or organization involves tries to own the various process itself without relying on the vendors for the job. This report discusses about the vertical integration processes in the Indian premier league (IPL). The type of vertical integration used in IPL is also discussed in the report. Discussion: The examples of a vertical integration strategy are when a manufacturing company or business organization wants to acquire their suppliers and vendors and wan to expand the business. This reduces the time required to ship the products to the external vendors and the time to ship the raw materials from suppliers. This also reduces the cost for operation in the company involved. Upward vertical integration: The upward vertical integration is done by a company who wants to buy their suppliers (Lee 2013). This reduces the time required for contracting and time for transportation of the raw materials. In the case of IPL, the franchisers are the suppliers here. The businesspersons are responsible for buying their intended team via a bidding process. The process involved allotting a special sum for buying the players for a team. In its day of commencing, Mumbai was the highest grossed franchisee owned. Downward Vertical integration: This type of integration is applied when the company involved wants to buy the vendors or their product suppliers to minimize the cost involved in contracting with them and the time required for transportation (Chang and Iseppi 2012). In case of IPL, the vendor is the broadcaster who is supposed to sell media rights. On the days of opening, IPL marketed with Sony Entertainment television for marketing which made a deal of 15million$. This helped the IPL to grow and get the fans all over the country. Conclusion: Thus, the report concludes that the vertical integration process done in IPL helped to get the required promotion as well as the intended brand value that it represents in the modern days. Referencing: Chang, T.F.M. and Iseppi, L., 2012. EU agro-food chain and vertical integration potentiality: a strategy for diversification?.Transition Studies Review,19(1), pp.107-130. Lee, R.S., 2013. Vertical integration and exclusivity in platform and two-sided markets.The American Economic Review,103(7), pp.2960-3000.

Wednesday, April 1, 2020

Legalization of sex marriage in the Philippines free essay sample

INTRODUCTION In our generation today, homosexuals have been widely accepted by the majority may it be a gay or a lesbian. People have come to recognize the existence of the third sex and through time they have also accepted â€Å"same-sex relationships in our society. But controversies and arguments arise when homosexuals started proposing the idea of legalizing same-sex marriage. The issue on legalizing same-sex marriage has been going on for decades. It has received a lot of objection and opposition since it contradicts the accustomed meaning of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Though there have been few countries which have approved or have begun to legally formalizing marriage between same sex marriage like Canada, Italy and etc. Still the majority of countries do not recognize this kind of marriage. Same sex marriage is known as a marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or gender. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalization of sex marriage in the Philippines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is one of the most controversial yet sensitive topics that have been discuss around the world. Politicians are having debates on this subject trying to decide whether it should be legal for same sexes to be married. Same sex marriage is often viewed as being wrong by religious people because marriage is portrayed as a woman and man uniting not woman to woman or man to man. It has been widely understood that the Roman Catholic Church will always be against same sex marriages considering the fact that their beliefs and principles are based from the sacred scripture. However, citizens who do not opt to engage into religious ceremonies have the option to be conjugated by means of civil wedding Here in the Philippines, Political parties such as the Gabriela Womens Party list are actively lobbying and advocating for lesbian and gay rights and to insist that society not discriminate on the basis of sexual preference. Unlike in the Philippines there are few countries who are now supporting and allowing same sex marriage including Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and South Africa. The purpose of this study is to advocate the positive effects of legalizing same-sex marriage in the Philippines and to support gays and lesbian people Legalization of sex marriage in the Philippines free essay sample In our generation today, homosexuals have been widely accepted by the majority may it be a gay or a lesbian. People have come to recognize the existence of the third sex and through time they have also accepted â€Å"same-sex relationships in our society. But controversies and arguments arise when homosexuals started proposing the idea of legalizing same-sex marriage. The issue on legalizing same-sex marriage has been going on for decades. It has received a lot of objection and opposition since it contradicts the accustomed meaning of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Though there have been few countries which have approved or have begun to legally formalizing marriage between same sex marriage like Canada, Italy and etc. Still the majority of countries do not recognize this kind of marriage. Same sex marriage is known as a marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or gender. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalization of sex marriage in the Philippines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is one of the most controversial yet sensitive topics that have been discuss around the world. Politicians are having debates on this subject trying to decide whether it should be legal for same sexes to be married. Same sex marriage is often viewed as being wrong by religious people because marriage is portrayed as a woman and man uniting not woman to woman or man to man. It has been widely understood that the Roman Catholic Church will always be against same sex marriages considering the fact that their beliefs and principles are based from the sacred scripture. However, citizens who do not opt to engage into religious ceremonies have the option to be conjugated by means of civil wedding Here in the Philippines, Political parties such as the Gabriela Womens Party list are actively lobbying and advocating for lesbian and gay rights and to insist that society not discriminate on the basis of sexual preference. Unlike in the Philippines there are few countries who are now supporting and allowing same sex marriage including Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and South Africa. The purpose of this study is to advocate the positive effects of legalizing same-sex marriage in the Philippines and to support gays and lesbian people

Saturday, March 7, 2020

Free Essays on Hitchhiking Through The Galaxy

Do you know where your towel is? You’ll need to find it if you plan to join Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect on their crazy adventure through space in Douglas Adams’s The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. England resident Douglas Adams wrote this hysterical piece of literature in the late 1970’s after a real hitchhiking experience through Europe. The book differs only in the fact that it is set in space. â€Å"Space†, according to the Hitchhiker’s Guide, â€Å" is big. Really big. You just won’t believe how vastly hugely mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it’s a long way down the road to the chemist, but that’s just peanuts to space. pg 76† Adams has successfully created some of the most interestingly strange characters to grace the pages of a book. The main, and most unlikely, character is Arthur Dent. Arthur lived in a small house outside Islington, England. His friend, Ford Prefect, takes him off the Earth just moments before it’s destruction. From there you are whisked away to the opposite spiral arm of the galaxy where you meet Zaphod Beeblebrox, President of the Imperial Galactic Government, and his Earth friend Trillian. Arthur quickly finds himself in desperate need of knowledge so Ford directs him to the Hitchhiker Guide to the Universe. The Guide â€Å"is a book. Not an Earth book, never published on Earth, and until the terrible catastrophe occurred, never seen or even heard of by any Earthman. Nevertheless, a wholly remarkable book. pg 2.† You will be propelled through space and time, and much improbability, as you go with Arthur and Ford as they are thrown into the vacuum of space, retrieved by the Heart of Gold’s Infinite Improbability Drive, and then taken to most mythical planet known to not exist, Margrathea. There Arthur will be told how dolphins warned of the attack and how they are second in intelligence only to mice. Soon everything he had known to be true is revealed to have been ... Free Essays on Hitchhiking Through The Galaxy Free Essays on Hitchhiking Through The Galaxy Do you know where your towel is? You’ll need to find it if you plan to join Arthur Dent and Ford Prefect on their crazy adventure through space in Douglas Adams’s The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. England resident Douglas Adams wrote this hysterical piece of literature in the late 1970’s after a real hitchhiking experience through Europe. The book differs only in the fact that it is set in space. â€Å"Space†, according to the Hitchhiker’s Guide, â€Å" is big. Really big. You just won’t believe how vastly hugely mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it’s a long way down the road to the chemist, but that’s just peanuts to space. pg 76† Adams has successfully created some of the most interestingly strange characters to grace the pages of a book. The main, and most unlikely, character is Arthur Dent. Arthur lived in a small house outside Islington, England. His friend, Ford Prefect, takes him off the Earth just moments before it’s destruction. From there you are whisked away to the opposite spiral arm of the galaxy where you meet Zaphod Beeblebrox, President of the Imperial Galactic Government, and his Earth friend Trillian. Arthur quickly finds himself in desperate need of knowledge so Ford directs him to the Hitchhiker Guide to the Universe. The Guide â€Å"is a book. Not an Earth book, never published on Earth, and until the terrible catastrophe occurred, never seen or even heard of by any Earthman. Nevertheless, a wholly remarkable book. pg 2.† You will be propelled through space and time, and much improbability, as you go with Arthur and Ford as they are thrown into the vacuum of space, retrieved by the Heart of Gold’s Infinite Improbability Drive, and then taken to most mythical planet known to not exist, Margrathea. There Arthur will be told how dolphins warned of the attack and how they are second in intelligence only to mice. Soon everything he had known to be true is revealed to have been ...

Thursday, February 20, 2020

Training Plan-Human Resources Director Personal Statement

Training Plan-Human Resources Director - Personal Statement Example The skills required for a diligent financial analyst are: strong knowledge of the basics of Finance and Accounts: analytical skills which do not ditch you at the time of urgency: understanding the complex business processes and finding ways as how they are being reported in the financial statements: the strategic management presented in the company reports and not just blindly following the four financial statements; an understanding of the overall economic situation both country specific and global specific and analysing ‘would be’ changes according to the occurring events; IT skills to work on the spread sheets and good communication skills; along with these skills any person who is aspiring to be a successful employee, needs to be responsible of the job which is assigned to him not breaking the team support which he is supposed to maintain in the company. In the above mentioned list, I was confident that I possess the following requirements: good communication and IT skills, thanks to my prior training in typing speed; a faint view of the global scenario due to my habit of reading newspapers; a fundamental knowledge of accounts and finance, due to the persistent hard work which I have put in for securing good grades. But then, how would I make sure that I meet the other requirements? Though the project work which I have performed earlier in a company gave me a minute idea of the business situations which I may have to face in the future, that knowledge is only permitted to the â€Å"analysis of accounting ratios†.

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Location or existence of Atlantis Research Paper

Location or existence of Atlantis - Research Paper Example Whatever form these stories may take, they often invite debate, discussion, and controversy as scholars, historians, archaeologists, and academicians try to determine their merits. An example is the Epic of Gilgamesh that tells the story of the Great Flood, which is very eerily similar to the biblical stories of a similar deluge and the survival of a few people such as Noah and his Ark. This epic tells of the existence of a real king named Gilgamesh in the kingdom of Uruk in ancient Sumeria at around 2700 B.C.E. as proven by archaeologists. It so happened physical records of his ancient reign were found in ruins in today's modern Iraq. Another interesting epic is that of Saga of the Volsunga Clan which is partly based from the barbarian invasions during the so-called Great Migration Period (circa 400-800 A.D.) back in Central Europe when the Roman Empire was attacked by Goths, Vandals, Saxons, the Lombards, and Franks who were followed later on by the Vikings, Huns, Slavs, and Norman s. The Volsunga clan story may have been the basis of another more famous epic, which is the Epic of the Nibelungenlied of middle-high German period. This paper talks on a controversy that is not yet resolved satisfactorily, the existence and location of the lost world of Atlantis. Discussion (Section 2) The on-going controversy about Atlantis may never die down or eventually resolved because it is shrouded in mystery and obscurity. The absence of any physical evidence about its actual location or even its previous existence in history cannot be ascertained one hundred percent despite the best efforts of archaeologists and historians alike. However, Atlantis has an enduring attraction to some people who insist it had actually existed in human history while a few others also debunk this theory as far-fetched and a mere product of an active imagination. Whatever is the truth about Atlantis, various theories had been put forward by eminent people to advance their own beliefs about it a nd this paper examines five such theories. In particular, this brief essay discusses the merits of each theory while categorizing the theories into either belonging to the group which proves or disproves the very existence of a real Atlantis in the distant past. Before the probable location of Atlantis can be established, it is necessary to first determine whether Atlantis is real or not, which is decidedly a right way to discuss a topic as controversial as Atlantis. But before discussing its most likely location, it is extremely helpful to put things in context and perspective so a preliminary discussion is a necessity whether Atlantis is real or just a figment of imagination, a work of fiction, anything fantastical that was made up, invented, imagined, or fabricated by a brilliant mind. Atlantis comes from the Greek word meaning â€Å"an island of Atlas† as it was thought to be a gift given by the Greek gods to Poseidon. Atlas is one of titans in the Greek pantheon of mytho logy, the one usually seen carrying the Earth (depicted as a globe on his shoulders). Poseidon is one of the twelve gods on Mount Olympus whose domain was the oceans, and he is alternatively called as â€Å"God of the Sea† among ancient Greeks. The history or a story about Atlantis myth can be traced to Greek philosopher Plato who had used it in his stories. This is because Plato

Monday, January 27, 2020

The Tcp Service Model Information Technology Essay

The Tcp Service Model Information Technology Essay The transport service is implemented by a transport protocol used between two transport entities. The transport protocol have to deal with error control, sequencing, and flow control. UDP is a simple protocol and it has some niche uses, such as client-server interactions and multimedia, but for the most Internet applications, reliable, sequenced delivery is needed.UDP cannot provide this, so another protocol is required. It is called TCP and is the main workhouse of the internet. THE TCP SERVICE MODEL: TCP service is obtained by both the sender and receiver creating end points, called sockets. A socket may be used for multiple connections at the same time. All TCP connections are full duplex and point to point. Full duplex means that the traffic can go in both directions at the same time. Point-to-point connection contains exactly two end points. Another feature of the TCP service is URGENT DATA. When the urgent data are received at the destination. The receiving application is interrupted so it can stop whatever it was doing and read the data stream to find the urgent data. The start of the urgent data is not marked while the end is marked so the application knows when it is over. This scheme basically provides a crude signaling. THE TCP PROTOCOL: A key feature of TCP, and one which dominates the protocol design, is that every byte on a TCP connection has its own 32-bit sequencer. When the internet began, the lines between routers were mostly 56-kbps leased lines, so a host blasting away at full speed took over 1 week to cycle through the sequence numbers. Separate 32-bit sequence numbers are used for acknowledgements and for the window mechanism. The sending and receiving TCP entities exchange data in the form of segments. What should a segment have? 1.Each segment including the TCP header, must fit in the 65,515-bytes IP payload. 2.Each network has a maximum transfer unit, or MTU, and each segment must fit in the MTU. THE TCP SEGMENT HEADER: The following is the dissection of TCP header field by field. The Source port and Destination port fields identify the local end points of the connection. The source port number is of 16 bits and indentifies the sending host TSAP(client port number). The destination port number is of 16 bits and is used to identify the receiver host TSAP(server port number). The sequence number is of 32 bits size. Since TCP supports Byte-stream, in which each byte is numbered, big space is allocated for numbering i.e.(2 power 32=4096 million).With the help of these numbers only ,one can be able to differentiate the old delayed duplicate with fresh ones. The acknowledgement number is of 32 bits size. It specifies the next byte expected. The length of TCP header is of 4 bits size and indicates the number of rows. Next comes a 6-bit field that is UNUSED. The fact that this field has survived intact for over a quarter of a century is testimony to how well thought out TCP is. Lesser protocols would have needed it to fix bugs in the original design. Six 1-bit flags: 1. URG is set to 1 if the urgent flag pointer is in use. 2. The ACK bit is set to 1 to indicate that the acknowledgement number is valid. If ACK is 0, the segment does not contain an acknowledgement so the ACKNOWLEDGEMENT NUMBER is ignored. 3. The PSH bit indicates pushed data. 4. The RST bit is used to reset a connection that has become confused due to a host crash or some other reason. It is also used to reject an invalid segment or refuse an attempt to open a connection. In general, if you get a segment with the RST bit on, you have problem on your hands. 5. The SYN bit is Synchronization flag. It is used to establish connections. The connection request has SYN=1 and ACK=0 to indicate that the piggyback acknowledgement field is not in use. The connection reply does bear an acknowledgement, so it has SYN=1 and ACK=1. 6. The FIN bit is finish flag. It is used to release a connection. It specifies that the sender has no more data to transmit. CHECKSUM: A checksum is also provided for extra reliability. It checks the header, the data and the conceptual pseudoheader. When performing this computation, the TCP Checksum field is set to zero and the data field is padded out with an additional zero byte if its length is an odd number. PSEUDOHEADER: The pseudoheader contains the 32-bit IP addresses of the source and destination machines, the protocol number for TCP (6), and the byte count for the TCP segment. Including the pseudoheader in the TCP checksum computation helps detect misbelieved packets. TCP CONNECTION MANAGEMENT MODELING: The steps required to establish and release connections can be represented in a finite state machine with the 11 states listed below. In each state, certain events are legal .when a legal event happens, some action may be taken. If some other event happens, an error is reported. State Description CLOSED No connection is active or pending LISTEN The server is waiting for an incoming call SYN, RCVD A connection request has arrived: wait for ACK SYN SENT The application has started to open a connection ESTABLISH The normal data transfer state FIN WAIT 1 The application has said it is finished FIN WAIT 2 The other side has agreed to release TIMED WAIT Wait for all packets to die off CLOSING Both sides have tried to close simultaneously CLOSING WAIT The other side has initiated a release LAST ACK Wait for all packets to die off Each connection starts in the CLOSED state. When it performs either a passive open {LISTEN}, or an active open {CONNECT}, it leaves the state. If the other side does the opposite one, a connection is established and the state becomes ESTABLISHED. Connection release can be initiated by either side. The state returns to CLOSED, after it is completed. Description of the figure: The heavy solid line is the normal path for a client. The heavy dashed line is the normal path for a server. The light lines are unusual events. Each transition is labeled by the event causing it and the action resulting from it, separated by a slash. The event can either be a user à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬initiated system call {CONNECT, LISTEN, SEND or CLOSE}, a segment arrival [SYN, FIN, ACK or RST}, or in one case, a timeout of twice the maximum packet lifetime. The action is the sending of a control segment {SYN, FIN or RST} or nothing, indicated by -.Comments is shown in parentheses. Figure: TCP connection management finite state machine. TCP TRANSMISSION POLICY: Windows Management in TCP is not directly tied to acknowledgements as it is in most data link protocols. If the sender transmits a 2048-byte segment that is correctly received, the receiver will acknowledge the segment. However, since it now has only 2048 bytes of buffer space (until the application removes some data from the buffer), it will advertise a window of 2048 starting at the next byte expected. The window management in TCP is shown in the following figure. Now the sender transmits another 2048 bytes, which are acknowledged, but the advertised window is 0. The sender must stop until the application process on the receiving host has removed some data from the buffer, at which time TCP can advertise a larger window. Senders are not required to transmit data as soon as they come in from the application. When the first 2 KB of data came in, TCP, knowing that it had a 4 KB window available, would have been completely correct in just buffering the data until another 2KB came in, to be able to transmit a segment with a 4KB payload. This freedom can be exploited to improve performance. On the following grounds the sender com still send segments upon receiving the win=0(window size) or (buffer available). When the window=0;the sender may not normally send segments, with two exceptions i)URGENT DATA MAY BE SENT To allow the user to kill the process running on the remote machine. ii)The sender may send a 1byte segment to make the receiver re-announce the next byte expected and window size. SILLY WINDOW SYNDROME: To transmit 1byte of message TCP overhead 20 bytes, IP are required.In other words just to transmit 1 byte, extra 40 Bytes are required. Whenever there is a 1 byte room available at the receiver buffer, the window update segment is sent. Since the receiver is requested for 1 byte the sender sends 1 byte which leads to the receiver buffer to be full over again. Asking for 1 Byte and sending 1 byte appears to be silly, hence the name silly window syndrome. To avoid Silly window syndrome, Nagle suggested NAGLES APPROACH: When the data comes to the sender 1 byte at a time, just send the first Byte and buffer, all the rest until the outstanding Byte is acknowledged. Then send all the buffered characters in one 1 TCP segment and start buffering again until they are all acknowledged. Nagles approach cannot be implemented for all applications. In particular, when as X-windows application is being run over the internet, mouse movements have to be sent to the remote computer. Gathering them and sending them in bursts makes the mouse cursor more erratically, which makes users dissatisfied. CLARKS ALGORITHM: This approach is to prevent the receiver from sending a window update for 1byte instead, it is forced to wait until it has a decent amount of space available and then advertise that. Nagles algorithm is with respect to sender and Clarkà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s algorithm with respect to solve Silly window syndrome. The overall goal is for the sender not to send small segments and the receiver not to ask for them. TCP CONGESTION CONTROL: When the load offered to any network is more than it can handle, congestion builds up. The Internet is no exception. Although network layer also tries to manage congestion, most of the heavy lifting is done by TCP because the real solution to congestion is to slow down the data rate. In theory, congestion can be dealt with by employing a principle borrowed from physics: the law of conservation of packets. The idea is to refrain from injecting a new packet into the network until an old one leaves.TCP attempts to achieve this goal by dynamically manipulating the window size. The first step in managing congestion is detecting it. A timeout caused by a lost packet could have been caused by either (1) noise on a transmission line or (2) packet discard at a congested router. Nowadays, packet loss due to transmission errors is relatively rare because most long-haul trunks are fiber. All the Internet TCP algorithms assume that timeouts are caused by congestion and monitor timeouts for signs of trouble the way miners watch their canaries. TCP TIMER MANAGEMENT: TCP uses multiple timers to do its work. The most important of these is the retransmission timer. When a segment is sent, a retransmission timer is started. If the segment is acknowledged before the timer expires, the timer is stopped. If, on the other hand, the timer goes off before the acknowledgement comes in, and the segment is retransmitted. A second timer is the persistence timer. It is designed to prevent the following deadlock. The receiver sends an acknowledgement with a window size of 0, telling the sender to wait.Later, the receiver updates the window, but the packet with the update is lost. Now both the sender and the receiver are waiting for each other to do something. When the persistence timer goes off, the sender transmits a probe to the receiver. The response to the probe gives the window size. If it is still zero, the persistence timer is set again and the cycle repeats. If it is nonzero, data can now be sent. A third timer that some implementations use is the keep alive timer. When a connection has been idle for a long time, the keep alive timer may go off to cause one side to check whether the other side is still here. If it fails to respond, the connection is terminated. This feature is controversial because it adds overhead and may terminate an otherwise healthy connection due to transient network partition. The last timer used on each TCP connection is the one used in the TIMED WAIT state while closing. It runs for twice the maximum packet lifetime to make sure that when a connection is closed; all packets created by it have died off.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Blood Pressure Essay -- Health, Diseases, Walking

Distance Other studies have attempted to measure the effect of distance on blood pressure response in order to find if there is any correlation between distance and a significant blood pressure reduction. One of these studies (see Moreau et al, 2001) involved 24 sedentary post-menopausal American women (15 in the intervention group ) with high blood pressure. The results found that, after a 2-year walking programme, that there was a statistically significant drop of 13 mmHg in the systolic blood pressure of those participants who were taking anti-hypertensive drugs and of 11 mmHg in those not receiving medication, whereas there was no difference found in their diastolic blood pressure and in the blood pressure of the control group. The participants in the intervention group were instructed to walk 3 kms per day in addition to their normal daily physical activity. After the first year the reduction in blood pressure was significant: 6 mm Hg in the systolic blood pressure of the participants wh o were taking anti-hypertensive medication and 7mmHg in the non-medication group. In this study , the magnitude of the reduction of systolic blood pressure as a result of a walking programme is similar to that which has been found in earlier studies in response to traditional exercise (see Seals et al,1997, and Hagberg et al, 2000). Frequency Several studies have examined the impact of the frequency of walking per week on blood pressure in order to determine what frequency is most effective in terms of blood pressure reduction response. A study by Gettman et al, conducted in 1976, which compared the effect of fast walking between one, three and five days per week on blood pressure response, found that the difference in frequency was no... ...ffect on systolic blood pressure only. Lee et al (2010) found that moderate to high intensity waking was more likely to decrease blood pressure than low intensity walking. This result supports the findings of the study conducted by Quinn in the year 2000. Nemoto et al (2007) compared the effect of continuous walking at moderate intensity (50% of peak aerobic capacity) and interval walking at high intensity (70% of peak aerobic capacity) on reducing blood pressure. They found that blood pressure reduction was greater in the group who walked at high intensity: 9 mmHg for systolic blood pressure and 5 mmHg for diastolic. The results of a study conducted in India by Gosh (2006) to measure the effect of walking intensity (2 Km/30min) for 20 weeks, showed that there was a significant reduction in systolic/diastolic blood pressure by approximately 10 mmHg/4 mmHg.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Everybody’s Guilty Essay

In â€Å" Everybody’s Guilty – The Ecological Dilemma, â€Å" author and professor of Human Ecology at University of California, Santa Barbara, Garrett Hardin, explains the current issue with invisible reverberations. Hardin calls attention to the readers about how innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment. â€Å" We all acquiesce in the system of arrangements and practices that has created our ecological crisis† (Hardin, 40). In order to approve of our actions, individuals tend to hide from reality behind symbols and/or words. Incorporating rhetoric into our everyday lives does this. Garrett Hardin begins his argument by explaining the naming process that may have unintended consequences and then finishes with potentially solutions to this ecological crisis. For example, using the word â€Å"healthy† attracts an audience that is ultimately looking to eat correctly. Without looking at the ingredients, people believe the false advertisement and buy the food that says â€Å"healthy† on the box rather than what is actually good for them. By doing this, consumers are using an unethical form of persuasion while not being aware of the consequences or changes this action may have on people. Hardin wants the readers to view our world not as a society, but â€Å"as an ecological system† (Hardin, 40). Instead of acting as a whole, people need to understand that as individuals, everyone needs to play their part to improve the world we live on. Hardin suggests, â€Å"we [as individuals] can never do merely one thing† (Hardin, 41). The choices that are made everyday can have an impact on something a lot larger than what was intended. In the article, â€Å"Everybody’s Guilty†, Hardin uses the example of damming the Nile at Aswan. By building this dam, workers not only secured a water source for electricity and irrigation, which was their only intention, but they also caused deep distress to Egypt. This proves Hardin’s argument. Although the thought of a dependable water source is efficient, many times the consequences are overseen. Egypt now is suffering from periodic floods, which is slowly eliminating the nutrients within the water. To bring this example into an easier perspective, lets look at what average people do everyday such as pumping gas. Individuals unconsciously pump their gas with the only intention to be able to get from one place to another. Everyone knows the amount of consequences that may arise from this certain action, but no one really pays attention. The amount of pollution that is created from pumping gas is at alarming rates and is slowly taking a toll on the atmosphere. Transportation is the largest single source of air pollution in the United States. This includes air pollution emitted during vehicle operation, refueling, and manufacturing. These simple actions cause over a third of the contaminated chemicals in the air, and all people are worried about is if they will make it to work on time. With both the amount of cars on the road, and the escalating population rates, Hardin is trying to persuade readers that people need to take action and by persuading the audience, Hardin is engaging in a form of rhetoric. â€Å"Pollution will not be controlled unless population is controlled† (Hardin, 44). â€Å"Even what we call ‘success’ may prove to be a bitter failure. Increasing the size of the population is generally held to be a good thing, but an even larger proportion of the world’s people is becoming convinced that the world is already overpopulated† (Hardin, 42). Increasing the population not only limits resources, it also increases the amount of misunderstanding to people â€Å"never do[ing] one thing†, which can potentially lead to a larger ecological crisis. There are many problems when it comes to population. Technology is expensive and with population growing, the price of natural resources is increasing as well. There are solutions to this issue though, but cannot be implemented right away. Hardin looks â€Å"toward voluntarism and persuasion to help create a climate of opinion that can some day support stronger measures† (Hardin, 45). By â€Å"doing the right thing†, Hardin rhetorically persuades the readers to engage in thoughtful actions that decreases the population. The first step to this solution is to create a 100% effective birth control. Society knows that contraception is not completely effective, but because of this, Hardin suggests we create a system for acceptability towards abortions if necessary. If birth control fails, abortions should be included as a â€Å"back up plan† with the cost of being preferably free. The problem with this proposal is that abortions are frowned upon in other countries. To avoid the abortion issue, young girls need to be taught to become independent and goal oriented instead of becoming a teenage mother. Now-a-days girls are so interested in creating their own little families and having children that they tend to forget the hardships of having child. We need to educate all of society so as to reduce this social pressure, and consequently reduce the number of semi-reluctant mothers, who are probably not the best ones to raise children anyway† (Hardin, 46). Having a child when the woman is a child herself is not healthy, but is a prime example to Hardin’s argument. By creating children for the wrong reasons relates to creating an invisible reverberations. At the time it sounds great to have a child, but the aftermath consequences do not balance out. As a society, individuals need to create a culture of acceptability to smaller families. The world is slowly becoming more accustomed to this new culture, but still needs improvement. Garrett Hardin wants to leave his readers with a prolonged thought to help the world. He enriches his readers with evidence that support his idea of having an ecological crisis. Hardin explains that everyone is at fault when it comes to harming the world, but there are ways to solve this conflict and that is population control. Although the solution may not be easy, Hardin wants people to understand the consequences of their actions, because until then, the ecological crisis is going to continue to increase.

Friday, January 3, 2020

Pregnancies And Development Of A Fetus - 1574 Words

Starting from the beginning every single human being on the planet Earth started out as a sperm and egg. During conception, the sperm fertilizes the egg and you develop into what scientists refer to as a zygote. Through research scientist have been able to determine when implantation is futile, the first two weeks of a zygotes life is uncertain and as many as 30% zygotes don’t survive. Every week of a pregnancy is important to the growth and development of a baby. Have you ever thought about when a baby develops fingernails, hair or even their teeth? A baby develops in three trimesters: the most development happens within the first and the second trimester. All the while, the baby is only viable when it reaches the third trimester. Through the three trimesters each characteristic develops within a certain time period, through this rigorous process the child develops unique characteristics such as their fingerprints, hair, and teeth. There are many things that affect the develo pment of a fetus throughout pregnancy such as prescription and nonprescription drugs, illegal drugs, tobacco, alcohol, radiation, environmental pollution, infectious diseases, maternal nutrition, and maternal emotional stress. Before taking prescription and nonprescription drugs, a mother should consult a physician because even if she thinks a drug is safe to use it can cause development issues and be really harmful to the baby. Illegal drugs are highly- addictive and can make the baby addicted to theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Pregnancy On Children s Development Of The Fetus1761 Words   |  8 Pagesthe dangerous decision to drink, smoke, or use drugs throughout their pregnancy is increasing daily. When an expecting mother uses a substance while pregnant, she poses a serious threat to both her health and her child’s. Alcohol, drugs, and tobacco each present specific health risks that run to the fetus and can affect the child in many different ways, which can all result in major complications throughout the child’s development and lifetime and can unfortunately, sometimes, lead to death. TheseRead MorePrenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus1591 Words   |  7 PagesPrenatal development, also known as antenatal development, is the process of the development of a human fetus during pregnancy, from fertilization of the egg until the birth of the child. There are many factors that can contribute to the development of the fetus and many threats that can impact it. Most prenatal development occurs in a normal manner, however; there are many things that can go wrong during this vulnerable time and usually are caused by genetic or environmental factors. While the hazardsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Infectious Diseases887 Words   |  4 Pagesthat causes harm to the embryo, or fetus† (p. 69). Infectious diseases can harm the embryo, and fetus during pregnancy, but there are times during development when they are more susceptible, to specific diseases. (Fiore 2011, pp.70-72) discuss these diseases, and applies time lines of vulnerability to each. One such disease is syphilis, Fiore (2011) states â€Å"Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that, if untreated may affect the fetus† (p.70). If a fetus survives an infection, it may sufferRead MoreA Brief Note On Drug Use On Infants1572 Words   |  7 Pagesnot. In both cases, many women are unaware of the consequences of what drugs can do to their body. However, for pregnant women, the situation is completely different. â€Å"Studies show that using drugs -- legal or illegal -- during pregnancy has a direct impact on the fetus† (Gaither 1). In simpler terms, drug use not only affects their own lives but also affects the lives of their unborn children. For the sake of enjoyment or recklessness, a woman is willing to put her unborn child at risk of birthRead MorePreventing Harmful Agents From Hurting The Child866 Words   |  4 Pagesperform. Starting from the combining of a sperm and an egg, in 44 short weeks, a baby is formed. There are many instances in which fetal development may go wrong but fortunately, there are also many mechanisms to prevent harmful agents from hurting the child. The first trimester is when a majority of the major organs are formed. In the third month of pregnancy, the fetus already has a working nervous system, an immature muscular system, and a developing brain. The first trimester is also when many spontaneousRead MoreThe Experience of Becoming a Mother 1807 Words   |  7 Pagesthe growing baby in womb during the pregnancy time can make women enjoy the exciting moment and help in reduce the nervous of giving birth. According to Trish (2004), pregnancy is a special time and a healthy life event. During pregnancy time, women also go through every emotional phase in her life time. A pregnancy woman’s body also will undergoes some physical change. The changes is important to assist for fetal development. There are three stages of pregnancy which are the first trimester, secondRead MoreAbortion Is The Act Of Ending The Human Life Of A Pregnant Woman1528 Words   |  7 Pagesexcusable for a fetus while depicting the other side of the same procedures that are used on living born human beings and become punishable by a court of law. Through detail and research we see what a double mined society we have and conscience seared people that we associate with. The decision is yours, what will it be? Abortion is the act of ending the human life of a fetus inside the womb of a pregnant woman, usually preformed within the first twenty-eight weeks of a pregnancy, but canRead MoreThe Effects Of Birth Defects On The Development Of The Fetus899 Words   |  4 PagesPrenatal development is the process in which a human embryo or fetus gestates during pregnancy, from fertilization until birth (Prenatal Development). Most cases of unhealthy development can be avoided, however there are some genetic and environmental factors that cannot. Some genetic factors that affect the development of the fetus are Phenylketonuria, Sickle-cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs Disease, and Down Syndrome (Feldman 402). Some environmental teratogens that affect the development of the fetus are diseaseRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1250 Words   |  5 Pagesenabling the development of a fetus. I believe that priority should be given to providing women with complete autonomy, but there are those who disagree, and act paternalistically toward women to ensure that a fetus fully develops. The personhood of a fetus is an important determinant of what should be prioritized in the discussion about abortion. Some people regard the fetus as being a person because of its ability to become a rational being. They say that since aborting a fetus disrupts itsRead MoreChild Development: Prenatal and Neonatal Development Essay example1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this applied homework is to understand the parents’ perception of their children development and experiences of transition into parenthood, and applies the knowledge learnt from the classes into interviewee’s real life experiences, trough an interview of a parent who has a baby around age 6 months – 2 years old. Background On Feb. 12th, 2013, at 10:30pm, a 30-min on-phone interview of a 23 year-old mother, Mary Doe, was scheduled for this applied project. The interviewee has a female